2018年2月15日 星期四

Calculation


Ching-Tang Tseng
 Hamilton, New Zealand
16 February 2018
ilikeforth@gmail.com
http://forthfortnight.blogspot.com

Computer is adept in calculation. After Internet applications via computers grew up comprehensively, calculation ability in a computer was almost forgotten by people. In fact, no matter computer is to be used for data transfer or for data treatment, huge amount and high speed calculation abilities are still must to be emphasized inevitably. Calculation is an intrinsic feature of computer.

Here, I’d like to talk about some human calculation habits by the Chinese. We Chinese deal with calculation affairs are a little bit different from others. 

1. + and -


Everybody knows Chinese abacus. It is one kind of calculating tool, pretty convenient for applying to addition and subtraction calculations, and convenient for the purpose of remembering the calculation results as well. Abacus doesn’t care about too much application in multiplication and division calculation aspects but can do it as well. Nowadays, abacus position has been replaced by the computer in the Chinese environment.  

There is not so much difference in doing addition and subtraction calculations among Chinese and others. Only one thing is worth to emphasize: Owing to the using of abacus, it makes Chinese felt out that CARRY operation ought to remember in their mind. It doesn’t have to put carry mark on any other place. 

Whether after a calculation has to do a carry operation or not? It is dependent on after to compare last one digit with the original two numbers. When the last one digit after doing an addition, result is less than any one of its original two numbers, you should do a carry operation. I used this conception to design my program in multiple cells big number addition calculation. This idea is based on the abacus using concept. The meaning of last digit is corresponding to the number in the least significant cell.

Shortly say an example: when you are doing the following calculation.

5 + 7 = 12

The last one digit of the result is 2, it is constantly less than 5 or 7, so you must to do a carry operation, otherwise need no carry operation vice versa. A simple high level definition for D+ design as following:

\ High level D+, D-
\ Author: Ching-Tang Tseng
: hd+ ( d1 d2 -- d3 )
 >r swap >r dup >r 
 + dup r> u< negate
 r> + r> + 
;

: hd- ( d1 d2 -- d3 )
 dnegate hd+ ;

Code in hd+, there is a key point worth to explain.  Recent Forth Standard changed the true value from 1 to -1, false value is still kept to be 0. We are able to use one NEGATE operation to replace a tedious logic branch treating code over there. U< will generating 0 or -1 only, after NEGATE operation, gives you 0 or 1, straightly and exactly correct for the requirement of doing a carry operation. Such a conception can be applied to addition operations of multiple cells big numbers,  the same as to do a multiple digits addition operations.

These two pictures show you two kinds of abacus. 

Picture 1



Small abacus in picture 1 is made from plastic material, with one row on the top part, every one pearl represents a 5, with 4 rows on the bottom part, each one pearl represents a 1. We called it a simplified abacus.


Picture 2



Big abacus in picture 2 is made from wood and bamboo material, with two rows on the top part, each one pearl is still represented a 5, another one 5 could be applied to do the money exchanging, with 5  rows on the bottom part, each one pearl is still represented one 1. This kind of abacus is a real traditional Chinese abacus. Chinese had abacus for more than thousand years. Value 168.25 had been dialed on both abacuses when I took these pictures.

Before 1960, in my memory, I am still remembered that Chinese merchants in the morning fresh vegetable market still used a very convenient five columns abacus. It is small enough, can be held in one hand, and can be kept in the pocket. This kind of abacus is helpful to batch trading of commodity, can help out busy cash money counting. 

2. * and /


How Chinese to do their multiplication (also imply division calculation) calculation in their daily life? I may submit some special features to everybody for reference. 

All Chinese should be able to recite their multiplication table (abbreviated as 9x9 table) after they grew up to 10 years old. This ability comes from an item in their compulsory educational system. Chinese believed that this item will be applied to do calculations in his or her whole life. People in other countries maybe don’t have to learn this item, then they are unable doing the multiplication calculation as a Chinese did.

There are some reasons let Chinese more easily than others to recite their multiplication table.

First, Chinese pronunciation to every word is single syllable, all single digital numbers included as well. Other people maybe are not. For example, in English, pronunciation of numbers: 0 3 5 6 7 8 are not single syllable.  This difference makes Chinese more apt to remember their 9x9 multiplication table.

Secondary, Chinese let their recital pronunciation has equal syllable amount to every sentence. Under such a condition, it makes people reciting sentences to be sounded like the same as to recite a poem. This reciting manner certainly can increase Chinese 9x9 multiplication table recalled power.

Third, number bases of counting and writing in Chinese are decimal. In English are duodecimal. This difference makes using Chinese more easily than using English to recite the multiplication table. 

Single syllable could save a lot of time for Chinese in their life while counting. Single syllable recite 9x9 multiplication table could save a lot of calculating time as well. 

I would like to introduce the fundamental spirit of Chinese recite 9x9 multiplication table, and write it in English. But I have to modify all non-single syllable number’s pronunciation to single syllable. And change non-decimal English number's name to decimal Chinese format name. 

The following English listing parts are absolutely not the formal English. It is just an English pronounced Chinese customary sentence.  I am not going to destroy inherent English names of number, just want to use it for convenient purpose to introduce.

3 : three  change to ti
5 : five   change to fi
6 : six    change to si
7 : seven  change to se
8 : eight  change to ei
0 : could be ignored, x0 replaced by xxx ten.

Then, reciting Chinese 9x9 multiplication table to be represented and pronounced in English will be changed as following:

2 x 1 = 2         two one   get two
2 x 2 = 4         two two   get four
2 x 3 = 6         two ti    get si
2 x 4 = 8         two four  get ei
2 x 5 = 10        two fi    one ten
2 x 6 = 12        two si    one ten two
2 x 7 = 14        two se    one ten four
2 x 8 = 16        two ei    one ten si
2 x 9 = 18        two nine  one ten ei

3 x 1 = 3         ti    one     get ti
3 x 2 = 6         ti    two     get si
3 x 3 = 9         ti    ti         get nine
3 x 4 = 12        ti    four    one ten two
3 x 5 = 15        ti    fi      one ten fi
3 x 6 = 18        ti    si      one ten ei
3 x 7 = 21        ti    se      two ten one
3 x 8 = 24        ti    ei      two ten four
3 x 9 = 27        ti    nine    two ten se

4 x 1 = 4         four  one    get four
4 x 2 = 8         four  two    get ei
4 x 3 = 12 four  ti     one ten two
4 x 4 = 16 four  four   one ten si
4 x 5 = 20 four  fi     two ten
4 x 6 = 24 four  si     two ten four
4 x 7 = 28 four  se     two ten ei
4 x 8 = 32 four  ei ti  ten two
4 x 9 = 36 four  nine   ti  ten si

5 x 1 = 5         fi     one     get  fi
5 x 2 = 10       fi     two     one  ten
5 x 3 = 15       fi     ti      one  ten fi
5 x 4 = 20 fi     four    two  ten
5 x 5 = 25 fi     fi      two  ten fi
5 x 6 = 30 fi     si      ti   ten
5 x 7 = 35 fi     se      ti   ten fi
5 x 8 = 40       fi     ei      four ten
5 x 9 = 45       fi    nine     four ten fi

6 x 1 = 6         si     one      get  si
6 x 2 = 12 si     two      one  ten two
6 x 3 = 18 si     ti       one  ten ei
6 x 4 = 24 si     four     two  ten four
6 x 5 = 30 si     fi       ti   ten
6 x 6 = 36 si     si        ti   ten si
6 x 7 = 42 four   se        four ten two
6 x 8 = 48 si     ei        four ten ei
6 x 9 = 54 si     nine      fi   ten four

7 x 1 = 7         se    one       get  se
7 x 2 = 14 se    two       one  ten four
7 x 3 = 21 se    ti        two  ten one
7 x 4 = 28 se    four      two  ten ei
7 x 5 = 35 se    fi        ti   ten fi
7 x 6 = 42 se    si        four ten two
7 x 7 = 49 se    se        four ten nine
7 x 8 = 56 se    ei        fi   ten si
7 x 9 = 63 se    nine      si   ten ti

8 x 1 = 8         ei     one       get  ei
8 x 2 = 16 ei     two       one  ten si
8 x 3 = 24 ei     ti        two  ten four
8 x 4 = 32 ei     four      ti   ten two
8 x 5 = 40 ei     fi        four ten
8 x 6 = 48 ei     si        four ten ei
8 x 7 = 56 ei     se        fi   ten si
8 x 8 = 64 ei     ei        si   ten four
8 x 9 = 72 ei     nine      se   ten two

9 x 1 = 9         nine one      get  nine
9 x 2 = 18 nine two      one  ten ei
9 x 3 = 27 nine ti       two  ten se
9 x 4 = 36 nine four     ti   ten si
9 x 5 = 45       nine fi       four ten fi
9 x 6 = 54 nine si       fi   ten four
9 x 7 = 63 nine se       si   ten ti
9 x 8 = 72 nine ei       se   ten two
9 x 9 = 81 nine nine     ei   ten one

In general, Chinese calculation speed was better than others. Many reasons had been discussed above. In fact, the real reason was not only based on Chinese number conception, but also was that they were doing practice a lot for a long period of time in their primary school years.

When I attended primary school, we used to use one kind of plastic sub plate while writing, to cope with  the problem of rough surface on the wooden desk.  On the plate, there were always printed a 9x9 multiplication table, a table of Chinese sound element marks, and a table of English letters. The following picture 3 shows you such a typical plastic sub plate.

Picture 3


Chinese sound element marks is also a very important tool in our life. My Chinese typing speed is fast enough; owing to I am familiar with the usage of Chinese sound element marks correspondent positions on the keyboard. These marks are the real formal and real traditional marks. But China Communists rejected to accept it. Communists used Latin letters to be their sound marks. Lived on non-Communists control area's Chinese doesn’t like it, me too. 

Unfortunately, tragedy happened in Taiwan recently  as well. Non-Chinese controlled government executes their cultural revolution. Destroy all Chinese culture are their policy. This sound marks table is about to vanish. Taiwanese executed educational revolution for more than 20 years, now, many students in the university are thinking that 1/3 + 1/2 = 2/5.   

Courtesy of Dr. Ting’s code contribution, a multiplication table can be printed out by FORTH program as following. Another ABC FORTH style code was rewritten by me. Their executing results to be demonstrated in the video are attached for reference.   Program was running in Lina64 FORTH system under Ubuntu v.16.04 OS.

\ Multiplication table
\ Author: Dr. Ting
: onerows ( n -- )
        CR
        DUP 3 .R 3 SPACES
        13 1
        DO      I OVER *
                4 .R
        LOOP
        DROP ;

: table1 ( -- )
        CR  CR  6 SPACES
        13 1
        DO      I 4 .R  LOOP    ( display column numbers )
        13 1
        DO      I onerows
        LOOP
        ;

: u.r ( u n -- )
 >r 0 <# #s #>
 r> over - spaces
 type ;

9 value maxn

: table2 ( – )
  cr 2 spaces  maxn 1+ 1 do i 4 u.r loop
  cr
  maxn 1+ 1 do
    cr i 2 u.r
    maxn 1+ 1 do
       i j * 4 u.r
    loop
  loop ;

\ ABC FORTH style multiplication table
\ Author: Ching-Tang Tseng

3 integers I J K

: table3 ( -- )
BASIC
10 RUN CR 2 SPACES
20 FOR I = 1 TO maxn
30 RUN I 4 U.R
40 NEXT I
50 RUN CR
60 FOR J = 1 TO maxn
70 RUN CR 2 SPACES
80 FOR I = 1 TO maxn
90 LET K = I * J
100 RUN K 4 U.R
110 NEXT I
120 NEXT J
130 END
;

Multiplication table could be printed out by table1, table2, table3. 
In table1, dimensions are fixed to 12x12. 
A VALUE maxn = 9  has been used for table2 and table3, 9x9 multiplication table could be printed out by both of them. Maxn is an adjustable value.  

Video


3. Conclusion


The development of scientific and engineering technology need excellent calculations. The personal foundation of calculations is built on the simplest 4 mathematical operations: +, -, *, and /. Everybody has to use them for all life long. 

Courtesy of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), an old picture (picture 4) in 1953, shows many Rocket Girls had done a lot calculations for NASA. They said:

In the earliest days of space exploration, most calculations for missions were done by "human  computers" and most of these computers were women. These women's calculations helped the US launch its first satellite, Explorer 1, 60 years ago.

Picture 4



Recently, according to many international medium reports, many countries started to pay attention to the arithmetic educational methods in the elementary school of China. Many people believed that the positive influence of The Chinese 9x9 multiplication table is a very important educational material. I agree.

There are not so many people can pin point out the main special features in Chinese calculations the same as I had talked above. At  least, I had never found it before I posted this article out.

I had ever walked through a long path of calculation, from free hand to abacus, to slid rule, to calculator, to computer, at last, to my ABC FORTH system during the past 60 years. I am able to say some special things out about the calculation, owing to I am a real doer. Many sub system design related to the mathematical calculation had been done by me. Discussion of calculation is an endless topic. Here I had talked a few very fundamental conceptions only. 

This article is posted for our next generation and next... generations, help them to remember gradually disappeared tools and techniques. Everybody is welcome to share it with us.

2018年2月1日 星期四

Typical Chinese music

Ching-Tang Tseng
Hamilton, New Zealand
2 February 2018
ilikeforth@gmail.com

I am not a musician. But I agree with such a viewpoint of that everybody should to cultivate music knowledge while his or her childhood ages. Music influence our life tremendously, especially at the positive aspects, able to provide us a healthy psychology.

Recently, a friend requested me to fix her CD-based Karaoke machine. Her out of date machine broke down for a long period of time. She took part a choir, would like to practice singing on Karaoke machine at home. Tone adjustable function in Karaoke machine is the main demand to her. But I can not help anything, on account of her CD was destroyed, all data are unable to be read out. My friend’s problem makes me to consider to design a Karaoke machine in my computer.

To design a Karaoke-like software by FORTH is not so difficult. By use of my Music Single Tone Player program can carry out it. I improved song’s coding format a few. Let my computer seems to be the same as a Karaoke but do nothing to my original program.

This time, I choose a Typical Chinese folk song: Jasmine, to introduce something via FORTH. This song is just singing that Jasmine flower is a sort of nice flower only. You need no more explanation from anywhere.

Often, song of Jasmine is to be cited to represent a typical traditional Chinese music. There are only Do Re Mi So La, 5 tones, in this song without Fa and Si. They have Chinese characters name as well: 宮、商、角、徵、羽, but you have to use Yellow River catchments Chinese northern people’s speech tonality to pronounce them, so as to correspond to Do Re Mi So La.

2500 years ago, Confucius taught us that music with killing impression, or with rotten thought were bad music, gentle peaceful music were the best. Diversified melody, pure tones, and tender rhythm were the principle combined factors in Chinese music. It lets Chinese ancient musicians paid more attention to melody, ignored harmonic, weaken rhythm. My Single Tone Player design is in accordance with these conditions. In fact, good or bad feeling of a music depends on your personal thinking. But, your choice is certainly able to reflect out your culture.

People play Karaoke machine are in favor of its lyrics display and tone adjustable functions. Other singer’s voice and background music quality are not so important to them. To sing out exactly right tempo, lyrics and singing out with a right tone level are necessary.

Compare to the song’s coding format in the last three articles, I improved a little bit coding format of a song. Chinese lyrics are filled into the code but must with a leading back slash mark( \ ) for each line, it is a formal FORTH instruction. In order to let the singer apt to follow up the right tone level. A few prelude sections were added at the beginning places. This consolidated program had taken plenty of time for testing and modification.

A tuner had ever been used to calibrate variable setting in my program. As regard to the speed, three speeds: allegro, andante, adagio are roughly corresponding to fast, moderate, slow only.

I am not a nice singer but I have to record my singing for this posting video inevitably with my old man voice. My singing quality is not an emphasized point. Tone level had been adjusted to fitted to me to instead of its original descend E tone(Eb). This kind of FORTH application was good for entertainment purpose, but I had never considered whether anybody like it or not?

You are welcome to hear my voice. If you feel some flaws still inside, please just think about all of them are my demerits while singing.





























俞大維先生介紹專文




本人出身自中華民國國軍兵工界,故貼此文紀念中華民國的兵工元老俞大維先生
本文轉載自臉書網友莫大的貼文20160114
自2018年起,本人棄用臉書,特將有意義文章轉貼此網頁

摘要:唯一非黃埔系出身的國民黨防長,始終未加入國民黨,也從未對任何人談及個中緣由。



俞大維,何許人也?當下的國人特別是年輕人知道其人其事的恐怕不多。俞大維先後就讀於複旦大學、聖約翰大學,21歲時到哈佛大學攻讀數理邏輯,拿到博士學位後又到德國大學攻讀數學及德國哲學。取得第二個博士學位後俞大維便留在德國進行兵器及戰略研究。



後來,他婉言謝絕美、德等國的高薪聘用,毅然回國,要爲中華民族效力。



俞大維是一位學貫中西的著名學者,又是一位深有造詣的兵器彈道專家。



他于1933年任國民政府兵工署署長,1946年初任交通部長,1949年赴台,1954年在台灣出任“國防部長”。1993年7月8日因病於台北辭世,享年96歲。



科研前輩,“第一先賢”



由於海峽兩岸的長期隔絕,信息阻斷,對大陸人來說,俞大維確實是一個陌生的名字。



在介紹此公生平事迹之前,我想援引1999年9月18日下午,著名科學家錢學森在中共中央、國務院、中央軍委隆重召開的表彰研制“二彈一星”作出突出貢獻的二十三位科技專家大會上代表受獎人員所致的答謝詞及感言中的一段話,相信讀者朋友看了錢學森對他的高度評價,就會對俞大維這位“第一先賢”有一個總體上的認識和了解。



錢學森說:“今天受獎者大都是七十歲以上的第一代科學家,在座者有第二代梯隊及第三代梯隊,我們第一代梯隊對國防科技發展的成就交出了一張成績單,算是對國家的期望有了一點交代。在此我要特別告訴大家,有三位先賢前輩是我們這一代人永遠感恩與懷念的,由於他們三位的遠大眼光,以及培育人才的寬宏胸襟,十年樹木,百年樹人,才有今日的開花結果,以豐碩的成就呈顯在國人面前。”



“今天我們能交出這樣一張成績單,要特別感恩和懷念三位先賢前輩,第一位就是俞大維先生。例如在場的受獎人任新民、屠守锷、姚相斌、孫家棟、黃緯祿、徐蘭如、沈正功及謝光選均系在俞大維的兵工廠及研究機構工作或資送出國留學培養出來的人才……”



聽到這裏,在座的黨和國家領導人均報之以熱烈的掌聲。這段顯示我國科學家尊重曆史、實事求是和嚴謹治學態度的講話,在台灣引起了巨大的反響,無疑爲溝通海峽兩岸關系起到了積極的作用。



錢學森首先表示“感恩和懷念”的三位先賢前輩都是台灣學貫中西的著名科學家,他們是:俞大維先生、吳大猷先生和翁文灏先生。



錢學森說:第一位先賢是俞大維先生,他是以學者(哈佛大學數理邏輯博士及德國柏林大學彈道學專家)身分受邀從政,於一九三三年初擔任國府時代軍政部兵工署署長,主管全國軍火武器之研發與生産制造。俞氏上任後,深感中日大戰,一觸即發,迫在眉睫,不可避免,即從德國、瑞典及捷克等國購買武器,彈藥、槍炮材料,引進有關科技,大力整頓金陵、漢陽,鞏縣及上海等各大兵工廠之生産方法,革除陋習,並有獨到的創見與建樹:



第一點,他深知工業的發展,要在科技研究發展方向紮根,所以在“九一八”東北事件後、抗戰軍興之前,即成立許多研究發展機構,如理化研究所、應用化學研究所、彈道研究所、精密工具研究所、光學研究所、炮兵技術處、航空兵器研究所及軍用車輛研究所等,並高薪聘請德國彈道學權威克朗茲(Cranz)博士來華教導並協助工作相當時日,同時在國內延攬理化方面專才隨克朗茲工作,他培育了許多兵器與彈道方面的人才。



第二點,他深知軍品的品質,關系到整體的戰力,必須提升制造能力,建立軍品規格與檢驗制度,於是在各兵工廠設立工具、樣板工廠,加強制造能力與産品精度;由各研究機構,會同兵工署技術幕僚,訂定各項軍品的規格及機械産品的圖樣法規,並建立産品驗收制度,再由驗收零件成品,進而作配裝半成品檢驗,再進而建立整套品控制度。



第三點,他深知工業管理經濟效率的重要性,而督導工業,掌握效率的重點在成本會計制度的建立,兵工署首先推行軍火彈藥生産的成本會計制度,全國各生産工廠及大企業多紛紛仿效,在當年重慶大後方蔚爲風氣,對我國工業水准的提升有深遠的影響和助力。



當年留學歐、美及日本等國的理工學人專家,國內各大學出身之理工科人才以參加國防科技研發及武器彈藥生産工作爲報國之志,並引以爲榮!



一九三七年中日大戰爆發,俞氏奉命將全國二十多個兵工廠遷移到大後方,抗戰八年期間,國軍作戰所需輕兵器和彈藥不曾短缺;而兵工廠也培育了大批兵器與彈道方面的人才。例如在場的受獎人任新民、屠守锷、姚桐斌、孫家棟,黃緯祿,以及未受獎的火箭專家徐蘭如、沈正功及謝光選等人均曾在俞大維領導下的兵工廠及相關的研究機構打下了堅實的兵器設計與制造本領。



錢學森接著說:在我國導彈研發領域中,我錢學森不過是理論上及精神上領導者(Theory and Spirit Leader),而在硬體設計、工藝、實際生産制造(Hardware, Design, Technology, Practice Production, and Manufacture)等方面都是任新民、徐蘭如及謝光選這一批出身兵工廠的人,所領導的一群技術工人們的集體傑作成果。



俞大維主持兵工廠業務長達十四年之久,有“兵工之父”的美譽。他是我國近代國防科技發展史上第一位大力開拓、耕耘、播種,灌溉、施肥的始祖園丁,我們不能忘記他。



錢學森的講話不僅告訴人們俞大維的生平事迹,而且告訴人們,中國大陸取得“二彈一星”的偉大成果,得益於後來到台灣的俞大維等先賢前輩們精心培育的人才。



俞氏家族,聲名顯赫



俞大維,祖籍浙江紹興鬥門,1897年生于湖南長沙,從小在湖南長大。祖父俞文葆,清代舉人;父親俞明頤,1905年總辦長沙開埠事宜,1906年補湖南辰永沅靖道,不久,他便補江西吉南贛甯道。



民國後,俞明頤曾擔任過中國最大出版機構——商務印書館的董事。母親曾廣珊,系曾國藩的孫女。俞大維曾任台灣國民黨當局“國防部長”多年。子俞揚和,娶蔣經國的女兒蔣孝章爲妻,有俞祖聲爲後。妹妹俞大彩是知名學者、國立台灣大學前校長傅斯年的妻子。



俞大維與陳寅恪在美國哈佛大學、德國柏林大學連續同學七年。陳寅恪的母親是俞大維的姑母,陳寅恪的妹妹是俞大維的夫人,陳寅恪的父親陳三立、祖父陳寶箴與俞大維的父輩、祖輩相交很深,所以,俞大維與陳寅恪是兩代姻親,三代世交,七年同學。



俞大維的長子俞揚和生於德國,是空軍軍官學校第16期畢業生。20歲時,在美國完成飛行訓練,回到中國,參加對日作戰。他參加空戰三十多次,最後壹次被敵機擊落,跳傘受傷,不能再服役,就離開了空軍,擔任民航駕駛員。



清正廉潔一心爲國



與國民黨政府的其他軍政要員相比,俞大維最可貴的是清廉。美國作家芭芭拉·塔克曼女士在他的《史迪威》傳中對國民黨政府諸多要員頗有微詞,但卻多次以各種例子來稱贊俞大維廉潔公正,知識廣博。二戰時期美國駐重慶記者西沃道克·懷特曾在其著作《霹雳中國》中多次批評國民黨政府官員腐敗,卻極力推崇俞大維的清正廉潔。



俞大維在德國研修軍事期間,曾參與國民黨政府購買德國軍械事宜,十分認真,又十分清廉,被國民黨任命爲駐德國商務調查部主任,後來多次督導采購外國的軍需物資,直至回國以後。按照國際慣例,收取工廠回扣(那時叫“傭金”)是天經地義的事,至於暗箱操作,更是數不勝數。



爲了防止弊端,凡是大規模的訂貨,俞大維都親自參與。1930年他奉命采購歐洲有名的博福斯(Bofors)工廠生産的75型山炮,他親自到工廠所在地瑞典去洽談。當時國民黨政府每年都向該廠購買12門這種山炮,廠方也照例爲他准備了12門,並告訴他將有一筆不菲的回扣。當他知道這筆回扣正好購買3台同樣規格的山炮以後,立即平靜地說:“希望你們趕工,15門山炮一齊交貨。”



這話讓工廠的上層人士大吃一驚。他們只知道俞大維諳熟軍械,精通外語,舉止儒雅,辦事認真,卻不知國民黨政府中尚有如此廉潔的官員,感動得不知說什麽好。他們希望交下這個朋友,但又不敢貿然送禮,工廠向政府報告此事,並提出申請,最後由瑞典政府贈他一枚勳章。回國後俞大維對此事緘口不提,直到四十多年後人們才有所知曉。



目光遠大培育人才



1945年11月,軍政部部長陳誠、次長兼兵工署長俞大維,邀請吳大猷(物理)、曾昭掄(化學)與華羅庚(數學)商談研究原子彈。



專家意見是我國毫無基礎,只能由培育人才著手。陳、俞采納此議,聘吳大猷、曾昭掄及華羅庚三人率領王瑞駪、唐敖慶(化學)、孫本旺(數學)及李政道、朱光亞(物理)於1946年赴美學習。他還以兵工署的名義向國外派了不少研修生,後來,這些人才爲新中國國防建設做出了巨大貢獻。



這些人才爲新中國的科學技術和國防現代化建設也作出了卓越的貢獻,正如錢學森在中共中央、國務院、中央軍委隆重召開的表彰研制“二彈一星”作出突出貢獻的二十三位科技專家大會上代表受獎人員所致的答謝詞及感言中講的那樣:



“今天我們能交出這樣一張成績單,要特別感恩和懷念三位先賢前輩,第一位就是俞大維先生。例如在場的受獎人任新民、屠守锷、姚相斌、孫家棟、黃緯祿、徐蘭如、沈正功及謝光選均系在俞大維的兵工廠及研究機構工作或資送出國留學培養出來的人才……”



俞大維不僅重視培養人才,而且善於發現人才,不拘一格使用人才,寬宏大度珍惜人才,有人用訪、用、信、敬、宥五個字概括他的用人理念。



訪,求才必先多方訪察,慧眼識珠,擇優而用;



用,即推心置腹,充分信任,放手使用;



敬,即尊重知識,尊重人才,禮賢下士,引爲知己;



宥,即部下有過,盡量予以教育,曉以大義,促使其提高認識,吸取教訓,更好地工作。



只要不是明知故犯,屢教不改,都盡量地予以原宥寬恕,給他們反思和改正的機會。他堅持善待人才,反對因瑕棄瑜,體現了他容才的胸懷和氣度。他曾對上司陳誠提及宥才的重要,對人才和部屬不必計較小過。



淡泊名利恪盡職守



1928年,國民政府初步統一全國,開始注重軍隊現代化。兵工署署長陳儀去德國考察,請俞大維回國任職。1929年6月俞大維返國,任軍政部參事。1930年5月,俞大維第二次赴德,任商務專員,負責采購軍備,並專門學習軍事,包括兵器制造、戰役分析,尤其是彈道學。他用德文寫了四十多本筆記,說:“這兩年學到的比哈佛三年學的還多!”



1932年,俞大維回國。1933年,他擔任兵工署署長並兼任兵器教官,陸軍中將。兵工署負責軍火制造及維修等。俞大維就任後,首先籌建新廠,加強生産能力,積極在德國大量采購機器、材料等。其次,建立研究開發體系。



成立理化研究所、應用化學研究所、彈道研究所、精密機械研究所、材料研究所、冶金研究所、光學研究所、炮兵技術處、中央修械所、航空兵器研究處等,高薪聘請外國專家來華教導,同時在國內延攬人才隨專家工作,使武器研發在中國紮根。



如“兩彈元勳”任新民、屠守锷、姚桐斌、孫家棟,黃緯祿和火箭專家徐蘭如、沈正功、謝光選等人均在俞大維領導下的兵工機構學到了寶貴的知識,打下了堅實基礎。



再次,建立標准化生産和檢驗制度。要求産品的零件能夠互換。俞大維兼技術司長,會同各研究機構,制定各項軍品的規格及圖樣法規,加強制造能力與産品精度。並建立零件、半成品檢驗,進而建立整套質控制度。



選定從德國毛瑟槍改制的中正式步槍爲制式步槍,性能優越,堅固耐用,適合中國人體型。輕機槍則選定捷克式輕機槍,構造簡單,拆裝方便,故障甚少。重機槍選用德國馬克沁機槍,性能優良,水冷耐用,故障亦少。



三種步機槍口徑均爲7.9毫米,彈藥通用,簡化生産與補給。當時日軍三八式步槍和機槍的射程與殺傷力均不如中國自己制造的武器精良。經過四年准備,國軍已有數十個步兵師更換了新的制式裝備,所制武器精確性不遜于列強,並且適合中國人體能。1937年,抗戰爆發。八年抗戰中,俞大維自豪的是軍火供應從不匮乏,無人抱怨“彈藥沒有了”,當然這是指輕武器的彈藥,中國當時不能生産重武器。



俞大維壹生淡泊名利,始終把自己視作“老百姓”,他曾說:“我是個普通人,過著和一般人沒有兩樣的生活,所以老百姓相信的我都信。舉個例:我到北港媽祖廟去,看到一些善男信女抽簽、蔔卦、磕頭,我也跟著向媽祖磕頭,有人就笑我:‘你是學科學的,爲什麽也相信這一套呢?’我只簡單地告訴他:‘因爲老百姓磕頭,我也是老百姓。’”



書生領軍一幹十年



1950年3月,蔣介石任命俞大維爲“國防部長”。俞大維因耳病,未就職,改任駐美採購主管。1954年,再度任命俞大維爲“國防部長”。俞大維既不是黃埔出身、也不是國民黨員,當然談不上是蔣介石的親信、嫡系。但是蔣介石卻任命他擔任“國防部長”這樣的要職,實屬罕見。



俞大維最忌將時間耗費在開會與應酬上,上任第一天,講了五分鍾的話,就搭乘軍艦,到金門、馬祖、大陳巡視。他在職期間去大陳、馬祖、金門各島130多次,平均每兩周去一次,人稱“國防部長”的辦公室在金門。他的信條是“我不能去的地方,怎能派我部下去呢?”有一次爲上高登島,他被吊車吊上懸崖峭壁。台灣軍人給他的名字改了一字——俞大膽。



俞大維擔任“國防部長”,反對任人唯親,堅持任人唯賢;他說:“我用人就不問是否出身黃埔或行伍,只要忠誠能幹又肯幹者,我皆喜歡。譬如溫哈熊和我一樣,並非黃埔系統,且與孫立人在維吉尼亞軍校先後同學,又做過孫的部屬,曾有人二度征詢我意見,我都力薦他,若非我挺他,任其再努力想也難有出頭天。”



1993年初,俞大維皈依佛門,法號“淨維”。當年7月8日,俞大維駕鶴仙逝,終年96歲。去世前俞大維立遺囑,將藏書分爲兩類:軍事科學書籍全部捐贈“三軍”大學;文、史、哲及自然科學書籍全部捐贈台灣大學圖書館。據統計,僅捐贈台灣大學的書籍就有7000余冊。



終生不忘“知遇之恩”



縱觀曆史,君臣上下之間肝膽相照、推心置腹、彼此信任、親密無間如唐太宗李世民與著名诤臣魏征那樣的典型極爲少見。進入民國時期,蔣介石與手下的文官武將勾心鬥角,明爭暗鬥者也不在少數。但是,蔣介石與俞大維的關系卻是個例外。



俞大維自幼就受到良好的家庭教育,精讀古籍,博覽群書,更重要的是他以效法聖賢爲人生目標。



他曾向母親詢問曾國藩的做人處世的准則,老夫人說:“文正公一生嚴明治軍,謹慎治事,勤儉治家,恪守民族傳統美德,不近人情的事不做。”



於是,“不近人情的事不做”這一條成爲俞大維一生遵循、恪守不渝的接物、待人、處事原則,他在《九十隨語》中說:



“一生中影響我最深的,是母親經常對我轉述曾文正公的一句話——不近人情的事他不做。我也是如此,不近人情的事,我不做。母親是曾文正公的孫女,這句話由母親說來倍覺平易深遠,我因而終身奉行不辍。”



他一生淡名利、重倫理、講情義、盡職守、辨是非、有擔當的高貴品質受到上下左右普遍的尊重和感佩。



俞大維與蔣介石並無淵源,他們的相識和交往是俞大維在德國留學和工作擔任駐德國商務調查部主任期間,由於蔣介石對德國的軍械裝備、軍隊訓練及有關業務都十分贊賞,而俞大維正是這方面的青年專家,自然被蔣認爲是可用之才。於是,俞大維爲了回來爲國家效力,不惜割舍了一段在異國的感情,帶著稚子獨自離開德國,回到祖國。



俞大維從兵工署長、交通部長,一直做到“國防部長”,在常人眼裏,一定會認爲他與蔣介石必然過從甚密,但據俞大維自己說,他與蔣介石見面機會多,但談話次數極少。



第一次與蔣介石正式談話是在漢口,蔣介石與俞大維談兵工署撤退的有關事宜。蔣介石看到俞大維把兵工署工作安排得有條不紊,又絕無政治野心,因此對他十分放心。此後,蔣介石便放手給他,所有兵工署的工作統統由俞大維全權處理,不予幹預,俞大維完全可以按照自己的設想和形勢的需要,把兵工署逐漸建成一個生産、研制、開發新武器的基地,培養了不少人才。



俞大維是知恩圖報之人,他感到蔣介石如此信任、厚待自己,沒有在他身邊安排一個親信暗地監視他,或對他多方掣肘,自己沒有後顧之憂,在國外所學的專長有了充分施展的舞台,基於這些,俞大維深深感念蔣介石的知遇之恩。



抗戰勝利之後。當時兵工署尚未回遷,俞大維正在重慶侍奉母病,聯軍要求蔣介石速派深曉軍械的俞大維到上海視察並接收日寇一座重要的軍械庫。這件事使事母至孝的俞大維陷入兩難境地——接受任務,則擔心母病;婉拒調派,則有負公務。此時,他忽然想起西晉時晉武帝征召李密,李密寫給晉武帝的那篇感人至深的《陳情表》,於是俞大維仿照李密也寫了一份“陳情表”給蔣介石,稱自己“報國之日長,報母之日短”,請求蔣介石另派他人。



蔣介石不但沒有怪其“抗旨”,相反,派專機並配備了醫護人員將俞大維母子接到上海。蔣介石此舉不僅使俞大維能夠到上海履行公務,而且使俞母的病到上海得到及時和最好的診治,使俞大維得以忠孝兩全。這件事使俞大維對於蔣介石的恩德終生難忘,以至在蔣介石撤離大陸時俞大維毫不猶豫地隨行前往。



臨走時,周恩來曾通過俞大維在大陸的近親極力挽留他,俞大維表示,對於蔣家王朝的前途他很清楚,但若不報蔣介石的知遇之恩,便是“不近人情之事”,而“不近人情之事”他是發誓終生不做的。



俞大維的報恩主要是通過恪盡職守、做好工作來體現,並不是挂在嘴上,或者是時時跟隨左右。俞大維晚年曾對人披露,他的辦公室與蔣介石的辦公室有一道暗門相通,可以隨時見面,但是他們兩人誰也沒有用過這扇門,可見他們是互相理解、互相信任的。除了對俞大維外,蔣介石對任何下屬也沒有如此信任過,所以俞大維在不同場合多次表示要報“知遇之恩”,要“士爲知己所用”。



蔣介石去世以後,每逢忌日或冥辰,俞大維必去慈湖陵園叩首謁陵,風雨無阻。晚年的俞大維行走不便,以輪椅代步,依然每年兩次謁陵叩首,常常感動得在場的謁陵群衆也隨之跪下。



1977年,俞大維身體大不如前,於1月20日立下遺囑,



其中第一段是:余追隨故總統蔣公四十七年,曾任兵工署長、交通部長、國防部長。賴蔣公專純信任,得達成艱巨任務,知遇之感,永志難忘。



最後一段是:余去世以後,遺體火化。不舉行任何吊祭或紀念儀式,亦不得收受親友赙贈,骨灰由長子揚和駕機撒於金門海面,先飛過故總統蔣公之陵寢及故副總統陳公之墓園,以致余最後之敬禮。由此可見俞對蔣的感念之情。但是,俞大維始終未加入國民黨,也從未對任何人談及個中緣由。俞大維退休後,曾有一位台灣要員拜訪他,要介紹他加入國民黨,他平靜地從容回答:“人都老了,何必再學吹鼓呢!”



晚年的俞大維一直生活在台灣,對兩岸關系十分關注。他曾對人表示,希望兩岸和平,不要再起幹戈。還說,凡是打過仗的人都不願意看到戰火重燃,因爲戰爭只能帶來災難,對誰都沒有好處。



如果俞大維先生健在,看到海峽兩岸越來越多的有識之士致力於祖國統一大業,看到兩岸堅冰逐漸消融,看到兩岸人民的交往日趨頻繁,看到中華民族實現偉大複興的前景,憑他對中華民族的滿腔熱忱和無比忠誠,他一定是倍感欣慰的。